Robert Cecil: Marquis of Salisbury [ http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRsalisbury.htm ]
Became Secretary for India in Lord Derby's government and Foreign Secretary. Became leader of the Conservative Party and prime minister in 1885. Supported the policies that led to the Boer War. (1830-1903) - [ Read more ]

The Trench System [ http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWtrenchsystem.htm ]
Built first by Germans to provide them with protection from the advancing French and British and later used by Allies. Includes details of construction, an illustration and excerpts from various writings. - [ Read more ]

Bedouins [ http://lexicorient.com/e.o/bedouins.htm ]
Arabs, recognized by their nomadic lifestyles, specific dialects, social structures and culture. - [ Read more ]

Women Farm Workers [ http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWfarmingEG.htm ]
Worked on the land and filled the places of the men who had gone to fight for their country. Over 250,000 women become involved in producing food and goods to support their war effort. - [ Read more ]

James Kay-Shuttleworth [ http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PHkay.htm ]
Medical doctor and author, he wrote a large number of books and pamphlets on social reform including Public Education (1853). He was also one of the leaders of the Liberal Party in Lancashire. (1804 - 1877) - [ Read more ]

Nubians [ http://lexicorient.com/e.o/nubians.htm ]
People of northern Sudan and southern Egypt. Includes some details of their culture. - [ Read more ]

Reform Riots in 1832 [ http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRreformriots.htm ]
Demonstrations waged by the people after the House of Lords defeated the Reform Bill of 1831. Includes a cartoon and letters. - [ Read more ]

Arthur Maundy Gregory [ http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/SSgregory.htm ]
British MI5 agent tasked with uncovering possible foreign spies during the early 1900`s. Involved in several political scandals, including one in which he was accused and convicted of trying to sell honours. Responsible for publication of the forged Zinoviev Letter which helped to discredit the Labour party days before the 1924 General Election. - [ Read more ]

Islam [ http://lexicorient.com/e.o/islam.htm ]
A religion with more than 1,400 million believers. It is dominant in East- and North Africa, Middle East, Central Asia and in Indonesia. - [ Read more ]

Factory Pollution [ http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRpollution.htm ]
Features summary of report of major health problems of young workers. - [ Read more ]

Arabia [ http://lexicorient.com/e.o/arabia.htm ]
Area made up of the Arabian Peninsula comprising the national states of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman, and Yemen. - [ Read more ]

Joshua Reynolds [ http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jreynolds.htm ]
Abstract: Born the son of a clergyman, near Plymouth in 1723, he was sent to London to study art in 1740. After a period in Rome (1749-52), Reynolds returned to England where he established himself as one of country's leading portrait painters. When the Royal Academy was established in 1768, he was elected its first president. The following year he was knighted and in 1784 was appointed as painter to George III. He died in 1792. - [ Read more ]

1871 Trade Union Act [ http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Ltrade.htm ]
Secured the legal status of trade unions. - [ Read more ]

Vimy Ridge [ http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWvimy.htm ]
Located almost 12km north-east of Arras, France and occupied by the Germans in 1914. In the Nivelle Offensive of 1917, the Canadian forces took control and inflicted heavy casualties on the German Army. - [ Read more ]

George Lansbury [ http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRlansbury.htm ]
Labour member of Parliament. Reformer who campaigned against poverty and for woman suffrage. A lifelong pacifist, he defended conscientious objectors during World War I. (1859-1940) - [ Read more ]

Michael Sadler [ http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRsadler.htm ]
Served in the House of Commons and advocated decrease in children's working hours. (1780-1835) - [ Read more ]

The North Briton [ http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jbriton.htm ]
Abstract: In June 1762 MP John Wilkes established The North Briton, a weekly newspaper in opposition to The Briton, a journal that supported the Earl of Bute's administration as King George III's prime minister. For the next forty-five weeks the North Briton severely attacked the king and his Prime Minister. After one article Wilkes was arrested for seditious libel but at a court hearing the Lord Chief Justice ruled that as an MP, Wilkes was protected by privilege from arrest on a charge of libel. However, the government was successful in stopping Wilkes from publishing further editions of the North Briton. - [ Read more ]

William Hogarth [ http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRhogarth.htm ]
Abstract: Son of a Latin teacher born in Smithfield, London, in 1697. By 1720 he had his own business engraving book plates and painting portraits. In 1726 he published The Punishments of Lemuel Gulliver, a satire on the prime minister, Robert Walpole. In 1735 Hogarth manages to persuade his friends in Parliament to pass the Engravers' Copyright Act. Later that year, Hogarth established St. Martin's Lane Academy, a guild for professional artists and a school for young artists. In July 1763 he had a paralytic seizure but recoverd. He died on 25th October, 1764. - [ Read more ]

1874 Factory Act [ http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IR1874.htm ]
Reduced the working schedule a half-an-hour daily in textile factories. Includes brief details. - [ Read more ]

Thomas Gainsborough [ http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jgainsborough.htm ]
Portraitist (1727-1788) who developed the theme of group portraits set in a realistic landscape. - [ Read more ]